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　　盡管加密貨幣價格出現波動——或者正因為其持續(xù)的波動性和不確定性 ——全球監(jiān)管當局繼續(xù)監(jiān)控加密貨幣資產并發(fā)出有關金融穩(wěn)定性和銀行業(yè)風險的警告。

　　巴塞爾銀行監(jiān)管委員會(BCBS)在3月13日的一份聲明中表示，作為一個缺乏標準化、不穩(wěn)定和不成熟的資產類別，加密資產 “給銀行帶來了許多風險，包括流動性風險、信用風險、操作風險(包括欺詐和網絡風險)，洗錢和恐怖主義融資風險，以及法律和聲譽風險。”

　　作為對銀行行長們一系列關于加密貨幣是否滿足貨幣定義對話的回應，該聲明稱加密貨幣“無法可靠地提供貨幣的標準功能，且作為交易媒介和價值儲藏方式是不安全的。“

　　金融穩(wěn)定委員會(FSB)與BCBS一樣，是瑞士巴塞爾國際清算銀行(BIS)綜合體的一部分。FSB于2018年7月發(fā)布了一份報告，提出了一個監(jiān)控加密資產市場的框架。另一份報告則于10月份出臺，點明對未來金融穩(wěn)定能產生影響的潛在渠道。

　　2019年4月5日，FSB發(fā)布了一份目錄，列出了包括8家美國機構在內的全球近100家監(jiān)管機構，負責監(jiān)管加密資產活動。該目錄被稱為“FSB和加密資產標準制定機構正在進行的工作的一部分”。

　　1、"潛在的監(jiān)管漏洞"

　　Crypto‐assets were mentioned in an April 4 letter to G‐20 finance ministers and central bankers from FSB chair Randal K. Quarles, who is also Federal Reserve vice chair for supervision, on the stability board's current agenda:

　　“The FSB continues to monitor the financial stability implications of crypto‐assets and is currently working to identify possible regulatory gaps in this area,” Quarles wrote. “In addition, we are analyzing broader financial stability implications of technological innovation, such as the entry of large technology firms into finance and the growth in decentralized financial technologies.”

　　He said that for the G-20 meeting in June, “the FSB will deliver a report on the financial stability implications of decentralized financial technologies for the governance of financial regulation.”

　　2、銀行觀點

　　Aaron Bridgers, head of risk testing analytics and automation, and deputy head of model risk management and validation, at Regions Bank of Birmingham, Alabama, has been watching closely. He attributes the BIS‐level interest in crypto‐assets to their valuations. Bitcoin, for example, was worth less than $1,000 over the first eight years of its existence, until early 2017. It soared to more than $17,000 by the end of that year, then plummeted below $4,000 over the next year, before a recent comeback. There have been thousands of so‐called initial coin offerings (ICOs) over the past few years by both new and established entities.

　　Bridgers said trading volumes in the billions on some crypto exchanges caught the attention of the traditional banking system. Banco Santander, for one, is offering crypto‐asset-related services, and JPMorgan Chase & Co. has launched the JPM Coin digital token.

　　Tom Kimner, director of global risk marketing and operations at SAS, said the increase in the supply of crypto‐assets and coins has prompted regulators to consider how they are going to determine and evaluate their supply and flow. “As more cryptocurrency is pushed into the markets, they'll need to look at systemic risk increases,” Kimner said.

　　3、專業(yè)知識

　　In terms of due diligence, the BCBS statement says that before acquiring exposures to crypto‐assets or providing related services, banks should conduct comprehensive analyses of the potential risks and ensure they have the “relevant and requisite technical expertise to adequately assess the risks.”

　　Bridgers noted that no U.S. bank currently provides direct access to the crypto‐asset markets, and most have stopped allowing the assets to be purchased with bank-issued credit cards. Nevertheless, banks can acquire companies that provide access to or issue crypto‐assets, or they can partner, as Banco Santander did with Ripple in facilitating cross-border payments.

　　Kimner said that the necessary expertise changes depending on the part of the value chain in question. Creating and mining crypto‐assets requires more advanced technical expertise, while pricing and valuing the assets calls for a strong financial background, even including financial engineering.

　　4、不斷變化的風險

　　Bridgers said that as crypto‐assets are quickly evolving, so, too, are their range of risks, which include:

　　— Technology's impact on valuations. Traditional or fiat currencies are supported by nation-states and are independent of any technology used to facilitate them. Crypto‐asset values are closely tied to their technologies and market-participant consensus.

　　— Crypto‐assets' transfer risk. The assets can become locked up and their values inaccessible if keys to open digital wallets are lost. Best practices have yet to be established for inheriting or passing on crypto‐assets.

　　— Consensus attacks. Crypto‐assets are vulnerable to attacks by malign parties, potentially nation-states, that control at least 51% of the nodes providing distributed‐ledger consensus. Thinly traded crypto‐assets are especially vulnerable.

　　— Compliance risk. The anonymity of participants in a crypto‐asset network complicate compliance with know-your-customer and anti‐money‐laundering rules.

　　— Obsolescence risk.Rapidly improving methods to provide consensus will force existing crypto‐assets to adapt quickly or be replaced.

　　— Emergent risks –Unforeseen risks can arise in a new asset class, as in a 2017 exploit of security vulnerabilities that led to the theft of $32 million of Ethereum.

　　5、整合風險流程

　　On the risk management front, and given the crypto markets' anonymity and limited regulatory oversight, BCBS said banks' risk frameworks should be “fully integrated into the overall risk management processes, including those related to anti‐money‐laundering and combating the financing of terrorism and the evasion of sanctions, and heightened fraud monitoring.”

　　Traditional frameworks may be too highly focused and insufficiently robust to adapt to the unique risks of crypto‐assets, Bridgers cautioned. He recommended a framework applying cross‐functional experience, leveraging across technology, cybersecurity, economics, commodities, legal, and compliance.

　　6、內部透明度

　　Given the array of new risks, and even the uncertainty about whether crypto‐assets will persist, boards of directors must be informed as soon as a financial institution begins to examine the business, Kimner said: “Financial institutions need to have complete internal transparency throughout the ranks of management, including the board.”

　　The BCBS says: “A bank should publicly disclose any material crypto‐asset exposures or related services as part of its regular financial disclosures and specify the accounting treatment for such exposures, consistent with domestic laws and regulations.”

　　7、術語和術語表

　　The FSB appended to its October 2018 report on stability implications a one‐page, “non-exhaustive” list of terms and definitions, ranging from blockchain to digital token to mining. A Global Crypto‐asset Regulatory Landscape Study published April 16 by the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) at University of Cambridge Judge Business School in the U.K. finds that the lack of standard terminology around crypto‐assets and blockchain has been a “major impediment” to clear and consistent policies.

　　(The FSB definition of crypto‐asset: “a type of private asset that depends primarily on cryptography and distributed ledger or similar technology as part of their perceived or inherent value.”)

　　The CCAF, which closely analyzed 23 jurisdictions, points out that the term “virtual currency” has been used most frequently in official documents, while often interchangeably with “cryptocurrency” and “digital currency.”

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