什么是sales and leaseback (售后回租)？
售后回租是出賣人與承租人為同一人的特殊租賃方式。承租人將自有或外購設(shè)備出售給第三方，同時與第三方簽訂租賃合同，以融資型租賃方式租回該設(shè)備使用權(quán)。在售后回租中，承租人在保留對資產(chǎn)使用權(quán)的前提下，將固定資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化成為貨幣資本，以滿足融資需求。在租賃期間內(nèi)，第三方擁有設(shè)備所有權(quán)，租賃期滿，設(shè)備過戶于承租人。
為什么會出現(xiàn)sales and leaseback (售后回租)？
回租是融資租賃的一種主要形式，售后回租讓承租人既保留了標(biāo)的物使用權(quán)，也獲得了所需要的資金。相比銀行貸款而言，回租的門檻更低、審批流程更快，對于有資金需求的人來說，更為方便快捷。對比融資租賃的另外一種形式——直租而言，回租標(biāo)的物所有權(quán)寫的是客戶，而直租所有權(quán)在融資租賃平臺。以上是對承租人來說的優(yōu)勢所在。對于融資租賃平臺，也是大有裨益。相比直租，回租的風(fēng)險更低。標(biāo)的物既然在承租人名下，風(fēng)險問題則又承租人承擔(dān)，減輕平臺壓力；回租模式為平臺提供了良好的投資機會。
Sales and leaseback (售后回租)的會計處理怎么做？
根據(jù)IFRS16準(zhǔn)則，是需要區(qū)分銷售是否真的是一筆銷售，如果滿足銷售的條件則會按照IFRS15收入準(zhǔn)則做賬；但是如果銷售只是法律形式上的，而實質(zhì)產(chǎn)生了回租的情況，那么此時按照實質(zhì)重于形式的要求，是不能用收入準(zhǔn)則做賬，而是用租賃準(zhǔn)則做賬。
如果銷售價格（selling price）與公允價格（fair value）相等，會計處理：
Dr. Cash
Dr. Right-of-use asset [CV * Proportion retained in lessee]
Cr. NCA [CV]
Cr. Gain on right transferred [Total disposal gain * Proportion transferred to lessor]
Cr. Lease obligation [Balance]
*Proportion retained in lessee: Discounted lease payments / fair value
Discounted lease payments = PV of future rental payments
如果銷售價格（selling price）大于公允價格（fair value），會計處理：
Dr. Cash
Dr. Right-of-use asset [carrying value * Proportion retained in lessee]
Cr. NCA [CV]
Cr. Gain on disposal [(FV-CV)*Proportion transferred to lessor]
Cr. Lease obligation [Balance]
*Proportion retained in lessee: Discounted lease payments (excluding additional finance) / fair value
Discounted lease payments (excluding additional finance) = PV of future rental payments – additional finance = PV of future rental payments - (Sales proceeds - FV)
如果銷售價格（selling price）小于公允價格（fair value），會計處理：
Dr. Cash
Dr. Right-of-use asset [carrying value * Proportion retained in lessee]
Cr. NCA [CV]
Cr. Gain on disposal [(FV-CV)*Proportion transferred to lessor]
Cr. Lease obligation [Balance]
*Proportion retained in lessee: Discounted lease payments (excluding additional finance) / fair value
Discounted lease payments (excluding additional finance) = PV of future rental payments + prepayment of lease obligation = PV of future rental payments + (FV - Sales proceeds)
接下來舉個例子，帶具體的數(shù)據(jù)計算，大家可能更能夠直觀的理解：
Bungle Co sells a building to the Zippy Co for $800,000 cash. The carrying amount of the building prior to the sale was $600 000. Bungle Co arranges to lease the building back for five years at $120,000 per annum, payable in arrears. The remaining useful life is 15 years. At the date of sale the fair value of the building was $750,000 and the interest rate implicit in the lease is 4%. The cumulative present value of $1 in five years' time is $4.452.
The transaction satisfies the performance obligations in IFRS 15, so will be accounted for as a sale and leaseback.
At the date of sale the fair value of the building was $750,000, so the excess $50,000 paid by Zippy Co is recognised as additional financing provided by Bungle Co.
Dr Cash $800,000
Cr Building $600 000
The transaction satisfies the performance obligations in IFRS 15, so will be accounted for as a sale and leaseback.
At the date of sale the fair value of the building was $750,000, so the excess $50,000 paid by Zippy Co is recognised as additional financing provided by Bungle Co
1. The lease liability must be calculated:
The interest rate implicit in the lease is 4% therefore the present value of the annual payments is calculate as follows: $120,000 x $4.452 = $534,240
$484,240 ($534,240 - $50,000) relates to the lease and $50, 000 relates to the additional financing.
Cr lease liability $534,240
2. The right-of-use assets must be measured
Right-of-use asset (arising from leaseback) = carrying amount x discounted lease payments/fair value.
$600,000 x 484 240/750,000 = $387, 392
Dr Right of use asset $387, 392
3. Gain on rights transfer:
Total gain on the sales=fair value –carrying amount=$750,000-$600,000=$150,000
Gain relating to the rights retained=gain*discounted lease payment /fair value=$150,000
*$484,240/$750,000=$96,848
Gain relating to the rights transferred=$150,000-$96,848=$53,152
Double entry:
Dr Cash
800,000
Dr Right of use asset
387, 392
Cr Building
600,000
Cr Lease liability
534,240
Cr Gain on rights transfer
53,152
The right-of-use asset will be depreciated over five years, the gain will be recognized in profit or loss and the financial liability will be increased each year by the interest charge and reduced by the lease payments.
Lease liability:
$
Opening balance
534,240
4% interest
21,370
555,610
Payment at year end
(120,000)
435,610
4% interest
17,424
Payment at year end
(120,000)
Lease liability
333,034
Statement of profit or loss:
Gain on transfer: $53,152
Depreciation expense: $387, 392/5=$77,478
Interest expense: $534,240*4%= $21,370
Statement of financial position:
Non-current asset
Right-of-use asset :( 387, 392-77,478) =$309,914
Non-current liabilities
Lease liability: $333,034
Current liabilities
Lease liability: (435,610-333,034) 102,576
.jpg)
