在當(dāng)今日益關(guān)注可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)的全球金融市場中，ESG投資理念逐漸成為主流。為了深入理解ESG在金融領(lǐng)域的核心價值和影響，我們有必要對其中的五大關(guān)鍵金融概念進(jìn)行英語解析。
五大金融的英語解釋
1. 普惠金融（inclusive finance）
1.1 聯(lián)合國解釋
Financial inclusion is universal access, at a reasonable cost, to a wide range of financial services, provided by a variety of sound and sustainable institutions. Inclusive finance strives to enhance access to financial services for both individuals and micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises. In developing countries, access to financial services is crucial to strengthen financial sectors and domestic resource mobilization and can therefore make a significant contribution to social and economic development. Much more focus on the particular financial needs of women can have enormous impact, given the importance of women in food production and household expenditure decisions.
1.2 中國官方解釋
普惠金融是指立足機(jī)會平等要求和商業(yè)可持續(xù)原則，以可負(fù)擔(dān)的成本為有金融服務(wù)需求的社會各階層和群體提供適當(dāng)、有效的金融服務(wù)。小微企業(yè)、農(nóng)民、城鎮(zhèn)低收入人群、貧困人群和殘疾人、老年人等特殊群體是當(dāng)前我國普惠金融重點(diǎn)服務(wù)對象。大力發(fā)展普惠金融，是我國全面建成小康社會的必然要求，有利于促進(jìn)金融業(yè)可持續(xù)均衡發(fā)展，推動大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新，助推經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)型升級，增進(jìn)社會公平和社會和諧
Inclusive finance refers to providing appropriate and effective financial services to all social stratas and groups in need of financial services at affordable costs, based on the requirements of equal opportunities and the principles of business sustainability. Small and micro enterprises, farmers, low-income groups in urban areas, impoverished individuals, and special groups such as people with disabilities and the elderly are currently the key service targets of inclusive finance in China.
2. 綠色金融（green finance）
2.1 聯(lián)合國解釋
Green financing is to increase level of financial flows (from banking, micro-credit, insurance and investment) from the public, private and not-for-profit sectors to sustainable development priorities. A key part of this is to better manage environmental and social risks, take up opportunities that bring both a decent rate of return and environmental benefit and deliver greater accountability.
Green financing could be promoted through changes in countries’ regulatory frameworks, harmonizing public financial incentives, increases in green financing from different sectors, alignment of public sector financing decision-making with the environmental dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals, increases in investment in clean and green technologies, financing for sustainable natural resource-based green economies and climate smart blue economy, increase use of green bonds, and so on.
2.2 中國官方解釋
綠色金融是指為支持環(huán)境改善、應(yīng)對氣候變化和資源節(jié)約高效利用的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，對環(huán)保、節(jié)能、清潔能源、綠色交通、綠色建筑等領(lǐng)域的項目投融資、項目運(yùn)營、風(fēng)險管理等所提供的金融服務(wù)。
綠色金融的目的是引導(dǎo)資金流向節(jié)約資源技術(shù)開發(fā)和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，促進(jìn)環(huán)境保護(hù)及治理，以及引導(dǎo)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)注重綠色環(huán)保和消費(fèi)者形成綠色消費(fèi)理念。此外，綠色金融也強(qiáng)調(diào)金融業(yè)自身的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，避免過度投機(jī)行為，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
綠色金融的發(fā)展包括綠色金融標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系、環(huán)境信息披露、激勵約束機(jī)制、產(chǎn)品與市場體系及國際合作等方面，旨在通過金融活動與環(huán)境保護(hù)、生態(tài)平衡的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，支持經(jīng)濟(jì)向綠色化轉(zhuǎn)型。
Green finance refers to the financial services provided to support economic activities such as environmental improvement, climate change, and resource conservation and efficient utilization, including project investment and financing, project operation, and risk management in areas such as environmental protection, energy conservation, clean energy, green transportation, and green buildings.
The purpose of green finance is to guide the flow of funds towards resource conservation technology development and ecological environment protection industries, promote environmental protection and governance, and guide enterprises to focus on green production and consumers to form a green consumption concept. In addition, green finance also emphasizes the sustainable development of the financial industry itself, avoiding excessive speculative behavior, and ultimately achieving sustainable economic and social development.
The development of green finance includes the standard system of green finance, environmental information disclosure, incentive and constraint mechanisms, product and market systems, and international cooperation, aiming to support the economic transformation towards greening through coordinated development of financial activities with environmental protection and ecological balance.
3. 養(yǎng)老金融（pension finance / aging finance）
3.1 國外還沒有對應(yīng)的專有名詞和定義
3.2 中國定義
廣義上的養(yǎng)老金融指的是為養(yǎng)老目標(biāo)而進(jìn)行的財務(wù)融資活動，包括養(yǎng)老儲蓄、老年消費(fèi)、醫(yī)療健康和照護(hù)服務(wù)等方面的資金支持。狹義上的養(yǎng)老金融主要指各類金融機(jī)構(gòu)參與的養(yǎng)老金融業(yè)務(wù)，針對老年群體、養(yǎng)老金體系和各類養(yǎng)老產(chǎn)業(yè)提供的金融產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。
養(yǎng)老金金融。這是養(yǎng)老金融的核心，涉及公共養(yǎng)老金、職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金和個人養(yǎng)老金等不同層次的養(yǎng)老金安排。這些安排通常由政府、企業(yè)或個人參與，旨在確保未來退休生活的經(jīng)濟(jì)安全。
養(yǎng)老服務(wù)金融。這包括金融機(jī)構(gòu)為滿足老年人的投資、理財、消費(fèi)及其他相關(guān)需求而提供的金融產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。如養(yǎng)老理財、商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險、養(yǎng)老投資基金等。
養(yǎng)老產(chǎn)業(yè)金融。這指的是金融機(jī)構(gòu)對養(yǎng)老產(chǎn)業(yè)的投資支持，包括為老年日常生活用品、養(yǎng)老服務(wù)、休閑旅游等方面的資金籌集和服務(wù)。
此外，養(yǎng)老金融還涉及到老年人口的養(yǎng)老儲蓄、消費(fèi)、醫(yī)療健康和照護(hù)服務(wù)的資金支持等方面。在供給端，養(yǎng)老金融是金融機(jī)構(gòu)新的業(yè)務(wù)增長點(diǎn)，商業(yè)銀行、保險、證券、基金等金融機(jī)構(gòu)都在積極參與這一領(lǐng)域，努力開發(fā)適應(yīng)老年人需求的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。
Pension finance refers to a series of financial services to meet people’s life needs after retirement. It involve many fields such as insurance, funds and banks, and its development can drive the innovation of related financial products and services and enrich the product supply of the financial market.
4. 科技金融（technology finance）
4.1趙昌文《科技金融》
科技金融是促進(jìn)科技開發(fā)、成果轉(zhuǎn)化和高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的一系列金融工具、金融制度、金融政策與金融服務(wù)的系統(tǒng)性、創(chuàng)新性安排，是由向科學(xué)與技術(shù)創(chuàng)新活動提供融資資源的政府、企業(yè)、市場、社會中介機(jī)構(gòu)等各種主體及其在科技創(chuàng)新融資過程中的行為活動共同組成的一個體系，是國家科技創(chuàng)新體系和金融體系的重要組成部分
Technology finance is a systematic and innovative arrangement of financial instruments, financial systems, financial policies, and financial services that promote technological development, achievement transformation, and the development of high-tech industries. It is composed of various entities such as governments, enterprises, markets, and social intermediaries that provide financing resources for scientific and technological innovation activities, as well as their behavioral activities in the process of technology innovation financing. It is an important component of the national technology innovation system and financial system.
4.2 北京市人民政府
科技金融屬于產(chǎn)業(yè)金融的范疇，主要是指科技產(chǎn)業(yè)與金融產(chǎn)業(yè)的融合。經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展依靠科技推動，而科技產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展需要金融的強(qiáng)力助推。在金融的助推下，科技產(chǎn)業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出新的面貌，計算機(jī)的應(yīng)用，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，無線技術(shù)的發(fā)展都是在金融的支持下發(fā)揮促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用。
Technological finance belongs to the category of industrial finance, mainly referring to the integration of the technology industry and the financial industry. Economic development relies on technological advancement, while the development of the technology industry requires strong financial support. With the support of finance, the technology industry has taken on a new look, with the application of computers, the popularization of the Internet, and the development of wireless technology all playing a role in promoting economic development.
5. 數(shù)字金融（digital finance）
5.1 歐盟定義
Digital finance is the term used to describe the impact of new technologies on the financial services industry. It includes a variety of products, applications, processes and business models that have transformed the traditional way of providing banking and financial services.
While technological innovation in finance is not new, investment in new technologies has substantially increased in recent years and the pace of innovation is exponential. We now interact with our bank using mobile technology. We make payments, transfer money and make investments using a variety of new tools that were not there few years ago. Artificial intelligence, social networks, machine learning, mobile applications, distributed ledger technology, cloud computing and big data analytics have given rise to new services and business models by established financial institutions and new market entrants.
5.2 中國定義
數(shù)字金融是指通過應(yīng)用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、區(qū)塊鏈、大數(shù)據(jù)、人工智能等數(shù)字技術(shù)，對傳統(tǒng)金融服務(wù)業(yè)進(jìn)行革新和優(yōu)化的新一代金融服務(wù)。
數(shù)字金融涵蓋了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)支付、移動支付、網(wǎng)上銀行、金融服務(wù)外包、網(wǎng)上貸款、網(wǎng)上保險、網(wǎng)上基金等多種金融服務(wù)。這種金融服務(wù)不僅擴(kuò)大了金融服務(wù)的覆蓋范圍、降低了交易成本，還優(yōu)化了風(fēng)險管理方法，推動了金融體系的服務(wù)效率和品質(zhì)的提升，同時也促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。數(shù)字金融的核心在于其依托于數(shù)字技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新型金融科技系統(tǒng)，它集成了各種金融要素，如基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、市場和協(xié)同環(huán)境，通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)連接區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)與金融系統(tǒng)，提高了資本向投資的轉(zhuǎn)化效率和廣泛連接性。總的來說，數(shù)字金融是金融行業(yè)數(shù)字化和數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型的過程，也是金融科技產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要體現(xiàn)。
Digital finance refers to a new generation of financial services that innovate and optimize the traditional financial service industry through the application of digital technologies such as Internet, block chain, big data and artificial intelligence.
Digital finance covers Internet payment, mobile payment, online banking, financial service outsourcing, online loans, online insurance, online funds and other financial services. This financial service not only expands the coverage of financial services, reduces transaction costs, but also optimizes risk management methods, promotes the service efficiency and quality of the financial system, and also promotes the development of digital economy in the economic system. The core of digital finance lies in its innovative financial technology system relying on digital technology. It integrates various financial elements, such as infrastructure, market and collaborative environment, connects regional economy and financial system through Internet system, and improves the efficiency and wide connectivity of capital to investment. Generally speaking, digital finance is not only the process of digitalization and digital transformation of the financial industry, but also an important manifestation of the development of the financial science and technology industry.
6. 金融強(qiáng)國
金融強(qiáng)國指的是一個國家在金融領(lǐng)域具有顯著的實(shí)力和影響力。
金融強(qiáng)國不僅意味著擁有高效和強(qiáng)大的金融體系，能夠在國際金融市場上發(fā)揮重要作用，還代表著在金融科技、金融服務(wù)、金融監(jiān)管等多個方面的全球領(lǐng)先地位。具體來說，金融強(qiáng)國具備以下特征：
擁有完善的金融功能和強(qiáng)大的金融市場體系，能夠?yàn)閷?shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)提供強(qiáng)有力的支持。
在金融科技和創(chuàng)新能力方面處于前沿，能夠不斷推出新的金融產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，滿足市場和客戶的需求。
擁有健全的金融監(jiān)管機(jī)制，能夠有效預(yù)防和化解金融風(fēng)險，維護(hù)金融穩(wěn)定和安全。
在國際金融領(lǐng)域擁有較高的地位，能夠參與制定國際金融規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，具有較強(qiáng)的國際競爭力和品牌影響力。
此外，金融強(qiáng)國的建設(shè)還包括金融機(jī)構(gòu)體量的增長、金融服務(wù)的普及與效率提升、金融市場的國際化等多個維度?？偟膩碚f，金融強(qiáng)國強(qiáng)調(diào)的是金融業(yè)對國家整體實(shí)力和國際地位的支撐作用。》》》 了解 金融證書培訓(xùn)點(diǎn)我咨詢
Financial powerhouse refers to a country with significant strength and influence in the financial field.
Financial powerhouse not only means that it has an efficient and strong financial system and can play an important role in the international financial market, but also represents a global leading position in financial technology, financial services, financial supervision and other aspects. Specifically, financial powerhouses have the following characteristics:
It has perfect financial functions and a strong financial market system, which can provide strong support for the real economy.
It is at the forefront of financial science and technology and innovation capabilities, and can continuously launch new financial products and services to meet the needs of the market and customers.
It has a sound financial supervision mechanism, which can effectively prevent and resolve financial risks and maintain financial stability and security.
It has a high position in the field of international finance, can participate in the formulation of international financial rules and standards, and has strong international competitiveness and brand influence.
In addition, the construction of a strong financial country also includes the growth of the volume of financial institutions, the popularization and efficiency improvement of financial services, and the internationalization of financial markets. Generally speaking, financial powers emphasize the supporting role of the financial industry in the overall strength and international status of the country.
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